مفهوم الإدارة والقيادة لدى العقلية الإدارية العربية…

يتمتع المدير بصلاحيات تؤهله لإدارة العمل، لكنه قد لا يتمتع بالمهارات التي تؤهله لقيادة العمل…
القيادة هي خاصية انسانية أساسها وجود الكاريزما والثقافة القيادية التي تعزز المهارات الإدارية العادية، وتحول دون سيطرة الخوف والثقافة البوليسية على عقلية المدير بحيث يكون أكثر انفتاحاً واطلاعاً لموظفيه على أعمال القسم أو الدائرة التي يديرها والاستراتيجية التي ينتهجها في ادارة العمل.

بعض المدراء يعتقدون أن انجاز العمل ينحصر في الاجابة التي يحصلون عليها في حال السؤال “هل تم انجاز العمل” الاجابة المتوقعة هي: نعم أو لا…

بعض المدراء يعتقدون أن تكليف الموظف بالعمل ينبع من واجب الموظف على تنفيذ التكليفات بغض النظر عن طبيعة هذه التكليفات وحتى اذا ما كانت تخدم سياسة واستراتيجية العمل أو تخدم الأجندة الخاصة لهذا المدير.

ثم ان بعض المدراء يمارسون الادارة من منطلقات بوليسية (الادارة البوليسية) فالموظفون ليسو شركاء لا في صناعة القرار ولا في اتخاذه ولا حتى في العلم عنه.

أعحبني نموذج رواه لي أحد الأصدقاء عن مديره، فهو حتى لو أراد التغيب ليوم أو يومين، يقوم بتعيين قائم بأعماله من الطاقم العامل في الدائرة، ويتم اختيار هذا الموظف بالتناوب في كل مرة يتغيب فيها المدير لسبب أو لآخر، ثم ان هذا المدير يقوم بوضع ملاحظة الكترونية تلقائية على بريده الالكتروني بحيث اذا قام أحد بمراسلته فإن رسالة جواب تصل الى المرسل تخبره أن المدير في اجازة حتى تاريخ كذا وينوب عنه الزميل فلان وفي حال الضرورة يمكن التواصل مع الزميل فلان على البريد الالكتروني التالي أو رقم الهاتف التالي…

هذا النموذج متميّز جداً في العمل، ونفتقر له نحن كثيراً في معظم مؤسسات فلسطين، خاصة في المؤسسات العامة، حيث يخشى المدير من تمكين موظفيه وتعزيز قدراتهم، فيقوم بمحاصرتهم، ويقوم بوضعهم في دائرة الغموض، حيث تراه يحظر عليهم التواصل مع المجتمع الخارجي، ويا ويلهم اذا قاموا بمراسلة جهة ما بغير اسمه، أو من بريد غير بريده…

النموذج الصحيح في الادارة هي أن المدير يقود العمل من خلال تعزيز موظفيه وتشجيعهم على المساهمة في صناعة القرار “نموذج الشراكة” ويقوم بإطلاعهم على السياسة والاستراتيجية التي تنتهجها الدائرة أو المؤسسة، وكيف يساهم كل نشاط من الأنشطة الإدارية في تحقيق غايات هذه الاستراتيجية…

النموذج الحقيقي هو نموذج التفاعل وتقديم الموظفين وتعزيزهم وشكرهم وابراز دورهم الايجابي في نجاح المؤسسة، لا أن يسرق المدير جهودهم، بحجة أن العمل في المؤسسة يتم بروح الفريق، ثم تراه عندما يريد أن ينسب الفضل فإنه ينسب الفضل لنفسه فقط وينسى طاقمه…

كثير من السلبيات موجودة في نماذج الإدارة العربية، والطريق طويل لتحقيق التميّز…

أقتبس لكم النص التالي الذي يوضح معنى القيادة من منطلق الفهم لمباديء الجودة، وهذه الفقرة مقتبسة من نموذج التميز الأوروبي EFQM لمعيار القيادة…

What is Leadership?

1.1. Overview

The classic model of the good business leader is the top man who directed and was in control of all aspects of his business. He operated through a hierarchy of management and his organisation had a fairly well-defined and right structure. This type of Leader had some good points and survived throughout most of the 20th century. But businesses today do not have the luxury of stability, they face an ever-increasing change in markets, customers and technology.

Their core business is constantly under threat from newcomers to the marketplace with a different business paradigm.

Organisations cannot afford to depend upon the Leadership of individuals or a small elite of senior executives to meet this challenge alone. They need to harness the ideas, skills, energy, and enthusiasm of their entire team to succeed. Since the 1980s, the concept and practice of Leadership has evolved to meet this challenge.

1.2. Who are the Leaders?

Not only the CEO, company directors, senior executives, line managers are Leaders. In order to gain flexibility and responsiveness, the empowerment to lead has to be cascaded throughout the organisation. We will use the term “Leader” to represent everyone that contributes to the management and change process and leave you to consider who this should be in your organisation.

1.3. What do Leaders do?

A Leader is not necessarily the manager although he or she could be. She/he is however focused on achieving objectives through people.

Most Leaders have a clear vision and are good at communicating it. They are definitely agents for change and inspire and motivate. Furthermore, they are role models for integrity, social responsibility and ethical behaviour, both internally and externally, ensuring their people adopt the highest standards of ethical behaviour.

How do you put Leadership into practice?

2.1. Establish a Vision and Mission

One of the first steps that the Leaders in an organisation need to undertake is to establish why the organisation exists and what it wants to achieve. If Leaders do not clarify and communicate the Vision and Mission, there may be assumed and inaccurate purposes for an organisation.

In order to get your Vision and Mission correct, you need to consider your customers, your partners, the environment in which you operate. You also need to involve your Leadership team in evolving the Vision and Mission so that they feel ownership and commitment to success in accomplishing them.

2.2. Instil Values

The Vision and Mission need the environment of your organisation to nurture and support them. The values that you live by and the culture of your organisation play an important part in ensuring that you can achieve your goals.

2.3. Communication, Communication, Communication

Communication with your people to reinforce the Vision, Mission, Values and Culture is necessary to ensure that the organisation is working together.

Communication of the Policy and Strategy is necessary to make sure that everyone is going in the same direction.

Communication is necessary to understand and sell to one’s customers.

Communication is necessary to understand and negotiate with one’s suppliers.

Communication with your other Stakeholders is necessary to maintain their trust in your organisation and engage with them. You have to know who your different external stakeholders groups are and develop approaches to understand, anticipate and respond to their different needs and expectations.

A good communication is a two-way process. As a Leader, it is your role to communicate the right things, sending a clear message, which is relevant and in context. It is important to pay attention not only to the words, but also your tone and facial and body expressions. Furthermore, communication has to be at the right time and knowing who your target audience is.

In staff surveys, poor communication from leaders is one of the most common causes of dissatisfaction. So it is important to get it right. But in order to communicate effectively, you must understand those that you are communicating with and choose the most appropriate way to communicate.

2.4. Act as “agents of change”

In order to achieve Excellence, your organisation will have to change. What is more, you will need to establish a culture that accepts and welcomes change.

But change is uncomfortable. It takes away the familiar routines. It challenges your pre-conceptions. It forces you to learn. In general, people do not like and resist change.

As a leader, you have to be a facilitator and catalyst. The first hurdle is you – yourself. You will need to change and welcome change in order to help others to change. In this, if in nothing else, you will need to lead the way and be a role model for others. You have to be able to understand the internal and external drives of organisational change.

There is no one recipe for success but some ideas are:

Do something culturally symbolic, for example: investigate an open door policy, empower people.

Do something structural within the organisation, for example: make the offices open plan, redecorate.

Involve everyone: ask opinions on the changes, include everyone in the process of defining your Vision and Mission.

Do something more fundamental, for example: restructure your organisation around processes not functions, perform a Self-Assessment.

You will need to be energetic, enthusiastic, inspiring and motivating to make these changes happen. You will need to support and coach your people through the changes. You will demonstrate your capability to learn quickly and respond rapidly with new ways of working. You will also need patience. Changes do not happen overnight, people go through a cycle of change.

How do you review and improve Leadership?

3.1. Reviewing techniques

There are several techniques that can help you to measure your actions. You can use “Staff and Customer Surveys”, “360⁰ Appraisal” or the “Self-Assessment”.

3.2. How to improve

Using one or more of the techniques above, you will have a list of those areas that need improvement. You will also have a measure of which are the most urgent to resolve. This is the time to involve your colleagues and agree an improvement plan.

If you are still at the beginning of your road to Excellence, you may gain sufficient ideas for ways to improve. But there are many sources of ideas and training.

Another source of information may be less familiar to you – Benchmarking. This involves comparing your organisation with another and identifying points and Good Practices which you could use.